Al Qaeda Nuclear Program

This article is about the militant group. For the Iraqi newspaper, see. Al-Qaeda القاعدة Participant in the,,,,,,,,,, and Flag used by various al-Qaeda factions Active 1988–present Ideology Groups Al-Qaeda Central (1988–present) (2004–2013, became in January 2006) (January 2006–October 2006, became in October 2006) (2006–2013) (2007–present) (2008–present) (2009–present) (2010–present) (2012–17, became in January 2017) (2017–present) (2013–2015, joined in December 2015) (2014–17) (2014–present) Leaders (1988–2011) (2011–present) Area of operations Worldwide Predominantly in the Middle East • • • Size. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Organization Al-Qaeda's philosophy has been described as ' of decision and of execution.' It is thought that al-Qaeda's leadership, after the, has 'become geographically isolated,' leading to the 'emergence of decentralized leadership' of regionalized al-Qaeda groups.

Many terrorism experts do not believe that the global jihadist movement is driven at every level by al-Qaeda's leadership. Although bin Laden still held considerable ideological sway over some before his death, experts argue that al-Qaeda has fragmented over the years into a variety of regional movements that have little connection with one another., a psychiatrist and former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer, said that al-Qaeda is now just a 'loose label for a movement that seems to target the west. There is no umbrella organisation. We like to create a mythical entity called [al-Qaeda] in our minds, but that is not the reality we are dealing with.' This view mirrors the account given by Osama bin Laden in his October 2001 interview with. This matter isn't about any specific person and.

Is not about the al-Qa'idah Organization. We are the children of an Islamic Nation, with Prophet Muhammad as its leader, our Lord is one. And all the true believers [mu'mineen] are brothers. So the situation isn't like the West portrays it, that there is an 'organization' with a specific name (such as 'al-Qa'idah') and so on. That particular name is very old.

Doomsday Weapon for Doomsday Ideology: Al-Qaeda and Nuclear Weapons. Noam RAHAMIM. The Institute for Counter-Terrorism, The Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya. Abstract: This article deals with the probability of the use of WMD by terrorist organizations, especially Al-Qaeda. The capability to execute an attack that. Finally, probably in 1998, al-Nashiri is alleged to have joined al-Qaeda, reporting directly to bin Laden. In late 1998, he conceived of a plot to attack a U.S.

It was born without any intention from us. Brother Abu Ubaida. Created a military base to train the young men to fight against the vicious, arrogant, brutal, terrorizing Soviet empire.

So this place was called 'The Base' ['Al-Qa'idah'], as in a training base, so this name grew and became. We aren't separated from this nation. We are the children of a nation, and we are an inseparable part of it, and from those public *** which spread from the far east, from the Philippines, to Indonesia, to Malaysia, to India, to Pakistan, reaching Mauritania. And so we discuss the conscience of this nation., however, sees al-Qaeda as a cohesive network that is strongly led from the Pakistani tribal areas.

Al-Zawahiri and Bin Laden in 2001 interview with Hamid Mir in Kabul Osama bin Laden (1987 – May 2011) was the most historically notable, or commander, and Senior Operations Chief of al-Qaeda prior to his assassination on May 1, 2011, by U.S. Was alleged to be second in command prior to his death on August 22, 2011. Bin Laden was advised by a, which consists of senior al-Qaeda members, estimated by Western officials to consist of 20–30 people. One of them is thought to have been. After May 2011, al-Qaeda's Deputy Operations Chief prior to bin Laden's death, assumed the role of commander, according to an announcement by al-Qaeda on June 16, 2011.

He replaced, who had served as interim commander. On June 5, 2012, Pakistan intelligence officials announced that al-Rahman's alleged successor had been killed in Pakistan. Was said to have become second in command in 2013. He was the leader of (AQAP), until he was killed in a U.S. Airstrike in June 2015.

Al-Qaeda's network was built from scratch as a conspiratorial network that draws on leaders of all its regional nodes 'as and when necessary to serve as an integral part of its high command.' • The Military Committee is responsible for training operatives, acquiring weapons, and planning attacks. • The Money/Business Committee funds the recruitment and training of operatives through the banking system. U.S-led efforts to eradicate the sources of were most successful in the year immediately following the September 11 attacks. Al-Qaeda continues to operate through unregulated banks, such as the 1,000 or so hawaladars in Pakistan, some of which can handle deals of up to $10 million. It also provides air tickets and false passports, pays al-Qaeda members, and oversees profit-driven businesses. In the, it was estimated that al-Qaeda required $30 million-per-year to conduct its operations.

• The Law Committee reviews, and decides whether particular courses of action conform to it. • The Islamic Study/ Committee issues religious edicts, such as an edict in 1998 telling Muslims to kill Americans. • In the late 1990s, there was a publicly known Media Committee, which ran the now-defunct newspaper Nashrat al Akhbar (Newscast) and handled. • In 2005, al-Qaeda formed, a media production house, to supply its video and audio materials. Command structure Al-Qaeda is not managed by Ayman al-Zawahiri.

Operational groups consult with the leadership in situations where attacks are in preparation ( 2015). When asked about the possibility of al-Qaeda's connection to the in 2005, said: 'Al-Qaeda is not an organization. Al-Qaeda is a way of working. But this has the hallmark of that approach. Al-Qaeda clearly has the ability to provide training.

To provide expertise. And I think that is what has occurred here.' On August 13, 2005, however, newspaper, quoting police and investigations, reported that the July 7 bombers had acted independently of an al-Qaeda terror mastermind someplace abroad. What exactly al-Qaeda is, or was, remains in dispute. Certainly, it has been obliged to evolve and adapt in the aftermath of 9/11 and the launch of the 'war on terror'. Nasser al-Bahri, who was Osama bin Laden's bodyguard for four years in the run-up to 9/11 gives a highly detailed description of how the group functioned at that time in his memoir. He describes its formal administrative structure and vast arsenal, as well as day-to-day life as a member.

However, author and journalist argues that the idea of al-Qaeda as a formal organization is primarily an American invention. Curtis contends the name 'al-Qaeda' was first brought to the attention of the public in the 2001 trial of bin Laden and the four men accused of the in East Africa: The reality was that bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri had become the focus of a loose association of disillusioned Islamist militants who were attracted by the new strategy. But there was no organization.

These were militants who mostly planned their own operations and looked to bin Laden for funding and assistance. He was not their commander.

There is also no evidence that bin Laden used the term 'al-Qaeda' to refer to the name of a group until after September 11 attacks, when he realized that this was the term the Americans had given it. As a matter of law, the needed to show that bin Laden was the leader of a criminal organization in order to charge him under the, also known as the RICO statutes.

The name of the organization and details of its structure were provided in the testimony of, who said he was a founding member of the group and a former employee of bin Laden. Questions about the reliability of al-Fadl's testimony have been raised by a number of sources because of his history of dishonesty, and because he was delivering it as part of a agreement after being convicted of conspiring to attack U.S. Military establishments.

Sam Schmidt, one of his defense lawyers, said: There were selective portions of al-Fadl's testimony that I believe was false, to help support the picture that he helped the Americans join together. I think he lied in a number of specific testimony about a unified image of what this organization was. It made al-Qaeda the new Mafia or the new Communists. It made them identifiable as a group and therefore made it easier to prosecute any person associated with al-Qaeda for any acts or statements made by bin Laden. Field operatives. Pakistani journalist interviewing al-Qaeda leader in Afghanistan, in 1997 The number of individuals in the group who have undergone proper military training, and are capable of commanding insurgent forces, is largely unknown. Documents captured in the raid on bin Laden compound in 2011, show that the core al-Qaeda membership in 2002 was 170.

In 2006, it was estimated that al-Qaeda had several thousand commanders embedded in 40 different countries. As of 2009, it was believed that no more than 200–300 members were still active commanders. According to the award-winning 2004 BBC documentary, al-Qaeda was so weakly linked together that it was hard to say it existed apart from bin Laden and a small clique of close associates. The lack of any significant numbers of convicted al-Qaeda members, despite a large number of arrests on terrorism charges, was cited by the documentary as a reason to doubt whether a widespread entity that met the description of al-Qaeda existed. Insurgent forces According to author Robert Cassidy, al-Qaeda controls two separate forces deployed alongside insurgents in Iraq and Pakistan. The first, numbering in the tens of thousands, was 'organized, trained, and equipped as insurgent combat forces' in the Soviet-Afghan war.

It was made up primarily of foreign mujahideen from Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Many went on to fight in Bosnia and Somalia for global jihad. Another group, approximately 10,000 strong, live in Western states and have received rudimentary combat training.

Other analysts have described al-Qaeda's rank and file as being 'predominantly Arab,' in its first years of operation, and now also includes 'other peoples' as of 2007. It has been estimated that 62% of al-Qaeda members have university education. This section's tone or style may not reflect the used on Wikipedia.

See Wikipedia's for suggestions. (June 2016) () Some financing for al-Qaeda in the 1990s came from the personal wealth of Osama bin Laden. Other sources of income in 2001 included the and donations from supporters in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and other Islamic. A released memo from the United States Secretary of State sent in 2009 asserted that the primary source of funding of Sunni terrorist groups worldwide was Saudi Arabia. Among the first pieces of evidence of Saudi Arabia’s conspicuous support for al-Qaeda was the so-called ', a list of early al-Qaeda funders seized during a 2002 raid at the premises of the Benevolence International Foundation (BIF) in Sarajevo by Bosnian police. The hand-written list, validated by al-Qaeda defector Jamal al-Fadl, included the names of both donors and beneficiaries. Osama bin-Laden’s name appeared seven times among the beneficiaries, while 20 Saudi and Gulf-based businessmen and politicians were listed among the donors.

Besides Osama bin Laden, among the most notable Saudi recipients were Adel Batterjee (founder of BIF and designated as a terror financier by the U.S. Department of the Treasury in 2004) and Wael Hamza Julaidan (U.S.-terrorist designated in 2002 as one of al-Qaeda’s founder). The most prominent Saudi figures among the donors included Saudi billionaire (CEO of Dallah Al-Baraka, accused of funding and supporting al-Qaeda operations), Sulaiman Abdul Aziz Al Rajhi (funder of SAAR Foundation, shut down within the framework of Operation Green Quest, and CEO of al-Rajhi Bank, investigated several times by U.S. Authorities for its role in financing terrorism and al-Qaeda especially), and Ahmad Turki Yamani (son of former Saudi chief of Justice and former Saudi Minister of Petroleum). Saleh Kamel’s case in particular reinforces Saudi Arabia’s role as sponsor of al-Qaeda.

For years, Omar al-Bayoumi, an associate of Khalid Almihdhar and Nawaf Alhazmi, two 9/11 highjackers, received a stipend from al-Baraka, the financial group kamel directed. Kamel invested for several years in a Sudanese bank that held accounts under the names of senior al-Qaeda affiliates. According to the Wall Street Journal, the Jidda-based al-Baraka Bank, one of the biggest subsidiaries of the financial group, was also suspected of providing banking services to al-Qaeda operatives. In general, the documents seized during the 2002 Bosnia raid pointed out that al-Qaeda widely exploited charities to channel financial and material support to its operatives across the globe. This was the case, for instance, with the International Islamic Relief Organization (IIRO) and the Muslim World League (MWL). The former had solid ties with al-Qaeda associates worldwide, including al-Qaeda’s deputy Ayman al Zawahiri’s brother working for IIRO in Albania who had actively recruited on behalf of al-Qaeda and involved several Egyptian Islamic Jihad members in IIRO activities. The latter was openly identified by al-Qaeda’s leader as one of the three charities al-Qaeda primarily relied upon for funding sources.

Allegations of Qatari support. See also: and Qatar has provided financial support to al-Qaeda as well.

[ ] On December 18, 2013, the U.S. Treasury designated Abd Al-Rahman al-Nuaimi, a Qatari citizen close to the al-Thani family and a human rights activist who founded the Swiss-based NGO Alkarama, as a global terrorist for his activities in support to al-Qaeda. Treasury has stated that Nuaimi, currently enjoying impunity in Qatar, 'has facilitated significant financial support to al-Qa'ida in Iraq, and served as an interlocutor between al-Qa'ida in Iraq leaders and Qatar-based donors'. Nuaimi was also accused of overseeing a $2 million monthly transfer to al-Qaeda in Iraq for a period of time as part of his role as mediator between Iraq-based al-Qaeda senior officers and Qatari citizens.

He also allegedly entertained relationships with Abu-Khalid al-Suri, al-Qaeda’s top envoy in Syria, who processed a $600,000 transfer to al-Qaeda in 2013. Moreover, Nuaimi is known to be associated with Abd al-Wahhab Muhammad 'Abd al-Rahman al-Humayqani, a Yemeni politician and founding member of Alkarama listed as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT) by the U.S. Treasury in 2013. Authorities claimed that Humayqani exploited his role in Alkarama to fundraise on behalf of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP). A prominent figure among AQAP ranks, he was also reported to have facilitated the flow of funding to AQAP affiliates based in Yemen. Nuaimi was accused of investing funds in the charity directed by Humayqani to ultimately fund AQAP. About ten months after being sanctioned by the U.S.

Treasury, Nuaimi was also restrained from doing business in the UK. Another Qatari citizen, Kalifa Mohammed Turki Subayi, was sanctioned by the U.S.

Treasury on June 5, 2008, for his activities as a 'Gulf-based al-Qaeda financier'. Subayi’s name was added to the UN Security Council’s Sanctions List in 2008 upon charges of providing financial and material support to al-Qaeda senior leadership. Subayi allegedly moved al-Qaeda recruits to South Asia-based training camps. He also supported financially Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, a Pakistani national and senior al-Qaeda officer who is believed to be the mastermind behind the September 11 attack according to the 9/11 Commission Report. Besides the activities of key facilitators, Qatar’s financial support to al-Qaeda has been channeled through Qatar’s largest NGO, the Qatar Charitable Society currently known as. Al-Qaeda defector al-Fadl, who was also a former member of Qatar Charity, testified in court that Abdullah Mohammed Yusef, who served as Qatar Charity’s director, was affiliated to al-Qaeda and simultaneously to the National Islamic Front, a political group that gave al-Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden harbor in Sudan in the early 1990s.

Legal proceedings from the trial 'United States vs. Arnaout' also mentioned that Qatar Charity was cited by Bin Laden in 1993 as one of the charities used to channel financial support to al-Qaeda operatives overseas. The same documents also report Bin Laden’s complaint that the failed assassination attempt of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak had compromised the ability of al-Qaeda to exploit charities to support its operatives to the extent it was capable of it before 1995. Qatar Charity’s track record of terror financing includes support to members of al-Qaeda in Chechnya, an accusation publicly denied by Hamad bin Nasser al-Thani. In 1999 Qatar Charity supposedly funneled money to Chechnya-based al-Qaeda affiliates. Furthermore, Qatar Charity is among the NGOs allegedly channelling funds to Ansar Dine in North Mali, a piece of information confirmed by French military intelligence reports dating back to France’s intervention in the country in early 2013.

The group has long been suspected of having ties to al-Qaeda. [ ] Today, Qatar’s enduring financing of al-Qaeda’s enterprises mostly benefits al-Qaeda’s affiliate in Syria Jabhat al-Nusra and is channeled primarily through kidnapping for ransom. The Consortium Against Terrorist Finance (CATF) reported that the Gulf country has thus funded al-Nusra since 2013. Al-Awsat estimated that Qatar disbursed $25 million in support of al-Nusra through kidnapping for ransom. In addition to this strategy, Qatar has also launched fundraising campaigns on behalf of al-Nusra.

The Washington Post reporter Joby Warrick wrote in December 2013 that al-Nusra acknowledged a Qatar-sponsored campaign ('Madid [sic] Ahl al-Sham') 'as one of the preferred conduits for donations intended for the group'. This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2016) On March 11, 2005, published extracts from 's document 'Al Qaeda's Strategy to the Year 2020'. Summarizes this strategy as comprising five stages to rid the from all forms of oppression: • Provoke the United States and the West into invading a Muslim country by staging a massive attack or string of attacks on US soil that results in massive civilian casualties. • Incite local resistance to occupying forces.

• Expand the conflict to neighboring countries, and engage the US and its allies in a long war of attrition. • Convert al-Qaeda into an ideology and set of operating principles that can be loosely franchised in other countries without requiring direct command and control, and via these franchises incite attacks against the US and countries allied with the US until they withdraw from the conflict, as happened with the, but which did not have the same effect with the. • The US economy will finally collapse by the year 2020, under the strain of multiple engagements in numerous places, making the worldwide economic system, which is dependent on the US, also collapse, leading to global political instability, which in turn leads to a global jihad led by al-Qaeda, and a will then be installed across the world, following the collapse of the US and the rest of the Western world countries. Atwan also noted, regarding the collapse of the US, 'If this sounds far-fetched, it is sobering to consider that this virtually describes the.' According to, a Jordanian journalist and author who has spent time in prison with Al-Zarqawi, Al Qaeda's strategy plan consists of seven phases and is similar to the plan described in Al Qaeda's Strategy to the year 2020: • 'The Awakening.' This phase was supposed to last from 2001 to 2003.

The goal of the phase is to provoke the United States to attack a Muslim country by executing an attack on US soil that kills many civilians. • 'Opening Eyes.' This phase was supposed to last from 2003 to 2006.

The goal of this phase was to recruit young men to the cause and to transform the al-Qaeda group into a movement. Iraq was supposed to become the center of all operations with financial and military support for bases in other states. • 'Arising and Standing up', was supposed to last from 2007 to 2010. In this phase, al-Qaeda wanted to execute additional attacks and focus their attention on Syria. Hussein believed that other countries in the were also in danger.

• Al-Qaeda expected a steady growth among their ranks and territories due to the declining power of the regimes in the Arabian Peninsula. 3d Visioner For Visio 2013 Crack. The main focus of attack in this phase was supposed to be on oil suppliers and, targeting the US economy and military infrastructure. • The declaration of an Islamic Caliphate, which was projected between 2013 and 2016. In this phase, al-Qaeda expected the resistance from Israel to be heavily reduced. • The declaration of an 'Islamic Army' and a 'fight between believers and non-believers', also called 'total confrontation'. • 'Definitive Victory', projected to be completed by 2020.

The world will be 'beaten down' by the Islamic Army. According to the seven-phase strategy, the war isn't projected to last longer than two years. According to Charles Lister of the and Katherine Zimmerman of the, the new model of al-Qaeda is to 'socialise communities' and build a broad territorial base of operations with the support of local communities, also gaining income independent of the funding of sheiks. Name The English name of the organization is a simplified of the Arabic noun al-qāʿidah (‏ ‎), which means 'the foundation' or 'the base'.

The initial al- is the Arabic 'the', hence 'the base'. In Arabic, al-Qaeda has four syllables ( /alˈqaː.ʕi.da/). However, since two of the Arabic consonants in the name (the [q] and the [ʕ]) are not found in the English language, the common naturalized include, and. Al-Qaeda's name can also be as al-Qaida, al-Qa'ida, or el-Qaida. Bin Laden explained the origin of the term in a videotaped interview with journalist in October 2001: The name 'al-Qaeda' was established a long time ago by mere chance.

The late Abu Ebeida El-Banashiri established the training camps for our mujahedeen against Russia's terrorism. We used to call the training camp al-Qaeda.

The name stayed. It has been argued that two documents seized from the office of the prove that the name was not simply adopted by the mujahid movement and that a group called al-Qaeda was established in August 1988. Both of these documents contain minutes of meetings held to establish a new military group, and contain the term 'al-Qaeda'. Former British Foreign Secretary wrote that the word al-Qaeda should be translated as 'the database', and originally referred to the computer file of the thousands of mujahideen militants who were recruited and trained with CIA help to defeat the Russians.

In April 2002, the group assumed the name Qa'idat al-Jihad ( قاعدة الجهاد qāʿidat al-jihād), which means 'the base of Jihad'. According to, this was 'apparently as a result of the merger of the overseas branch of Egypt's (Egyptian Islamist Jihad, or EIJ) group, led by, with the groups Bin Laden brought under his control after his return to Afghanistan in the mid-1990s.' This section contains information of unclear or questionable or to the article's subject matter. Please this section by clarifying or removing.

If importance cannot be established, the section is likely to be moved to another article,, or removed. Find sources: – (May 2011) () has described five distinct phases in the development of al-Qaeda: beginnings in the late 1980s, a 'wilderness' period in 1990–96, its 'heyday' in 1996–2001, a network period from 2001 to 2005, and a period of fragmentation from 2005 to today. Jihad in Afghanistan. Funded and -trained Afghan fighters crossing the border to fight Soviet forces and the Soviet-backed in 1985. The origins of al-Qaeda as a network inspiring terrorism around the world and training operatives can be traced to the (December 1979 – February 1989). The US viewed the conflict in Afghanistan, with the Afghan and allied Soviet troops on one side and the native Afghan mujahideen, some of whom were radical Islamic militants, on the other, as a blatant case of Soviet expansionism and aggression. A program called channeled funds through Pakistan's agency to the Afghan Mujahideen who were fighting the Soviet occupation.

US government financial support for the Afghan Islamic militants was substantial. Aid to, an Afghan mujahideen leader and founder and leader of the radical Islamic militant faction, alone amounted 'by the most conservative estimates' to $600 million. In addition to receiving hundreds of millions of dollars in American aid, Hekmatyar was the recipient of the lion's share of Saudi aid.

(Later, in the early 1990s, after the US had withdrawn support, Hekmatyar 'worked closely' with bin Laden. ) At the same time, a growing number of Arab mujahideen joined the jihad against the, facilitated by international Muslim organizations, particularly the (MAK), which was funded by the Saudi Arabia government as well as by individual Muslims (particularly Saudi businessmen who were approached by bin Laden). Together, these sources donated some $600 million a year to jihad. [ ] In 1984, MAK, or the 'Services Office', was established in, Pakistan, by bin Laden and, a Palestinian Islamic scholar and member of the. MAK organized in Peshawar, near the Afghan border, and gathered supplies for the construction of paramilitary training camps to prepare foreign recruits for the Afghan war front. Bin Laden became a 'major financier' of the mujahideen, spending his own money and using his connections with 'the Saudi royal family and the petro-billionaires of the Gulf' to influence public opinion about the war and raise additional funds.

From 1986, MAK began to set up a network of recruiting offices in the US, the hub of which was the at the Farouq Mosque on 's Atlantic Avenue. Among notable figures at the Brooklyn center were 'double agent', whom FBI special agent Jack Cloonan called 'bin Laden's first trainer', and 'Blind Sheikh', a leading recruiter of mujahideen for Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda evolved from MAK. Azzam and bin Laden began to establish camps in Afghanistan in 1987. MAK and foreign mujahideen volunteers, or 'Afghan Arabs,' did not play a major role in the war.

Mercedes W123 Manual Gearbox Transmission. While over 250,000 Afghan mujahideen fought the Soviets and the communist Afghan government, it is estimated that were never more than 2,000 foreign mujahideen in the field at any one time. Nonetheless, foreign mujahideen volunteers came from 43 countries, and the total number that participated in the Afghan movement between 1982 and 1992 is reported to have been 35,000. Bin Laden played a central role in organizing training camps for the foreign Muslim volunteers. The Soviet Union finally withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989. To the surprise of many, 's Communist Afghan government hung on for three more years, before being overrun by elements of the mujahideen. With mujahideen leaders unable to agree on a structure for governance, chaos ensued, with constantly reorganizing alliances fighting for control of ill-defined territories, leaving the country devastated.

Expanding operations Toward the end of the mission in Afghanistan, some foreign mujahideen wanted to expand their operations to include Islamist struggles in other parts of the world, such as Palestine and. A number of overlapping and interrelated organizations were formed, to further those aspirations. One of these was the organization that would eventually be called al-Qaeda. Wright's research suggests that al-Qaeda was formed at an August 11, 1988, meeting between 'several senior leaders' of,, and bin Laden, where it was agreed to join bin Laden's money with the expertise of the Islamic Jihad organization and take up the jihadist cause elsewhere after the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan.

Notes of a meeting of bin Laden and others on August 20, 1988, indicate al-Qaeda was a formal group by that time: 'basically an organized Islamic faction, its goal is to lift the word of God, to make His religion victorious.' A list of requirements for membership itemized the following: listening ability, good manners, obedience, and making a pledge ( ) to follow one's superiors.

In his memoir, bin Laden's former bodyguard,, gives the only publicly available description of the ritual of giving bayat when he swore his allegiance to the al-Qaeda chief. According to Wright, the group's real name wasn't used in public pronouncements because 'its existence was still a closely held secret.' After Azzam was assassinated in 1989, the MAK split, with a significant number joining bin Laden's organization.

[ ] In November 1989,, a former special forces sergeant stationed at, North Carolina, left military service and moved to California. He traveled to Afghanistan and Pakistan and became 'deeply involved with bin Laden's plans.' In 1991, Ali Mohammed is said to have helped orchestrate bin Laden's relocation to Sudan. Gulf War and the start of US enmity. Main articles: and After the fall of the Afghan communist regime in 1992, Afghanistan was effectively ungoverned for four years and plagued by constant infighting between various mujahideen groups. The origins of the (literally 'students') lay in the children of Afghanistan, many of them orphaned by the war, and many of whom had been educated in the rapidly expanding network of Islamic schools () either in or in the refugee camps on the Afghan-Pakistani border. According to, five leaders of the Taliban were graduates of, a madrassa in the small town of Akora Khattak.

The town is situated near Peshawar in Pakistan, but largely attended. This institution reflected beliefs in its teachings, and much of its funding came from private donations from wealthy Arabs. Bin Laden's contacts were still laundering most of these donations, using 'unscrupulous' Islamic banks to transfer the money to an 'array' of charities which serve as front groups for al-Qaeda, or transporting cash-filled suitcases straight into Pakistan. Another four of the Taliban's leaders attended a similarly funded and influenced madrassa in Kandahar. Many of the mujahideen who later joined the Taliban fought alongside Afghan warlord 's Harkat i Inqilabi group at the time of the Russian invasion. This group also enjoyed the loyalty of most Afghan Arab fighters. The continuing internecine strife between various factions, and accompanying lawlessness following the Soviet withdrawal, enabled the growing and well-disciplined Taliban to expand their control over territory in Afghanistan, and it came to establish an enclave which it called the.

In 1994, it captured the regional center of Kandahar, and after making rapid territorial gains thereafter, conquered the capital city in September 1996. After the Sudanese made it clear, in May 1996, that bin Laden would never be welcome to return, [ ] Taliban-controlled Afghanistan – with previously established connections between the groups, administered with a shared militancy, and largely isolated from American political influence and military power – provided a perfect location for al-Qaeda to relocate its headquarters. Al-Qaeda enjoyed the Taliban's protection and a measure of legitimacy as part of their Ministry of Defense, [ ] although only Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates recognized the Taliban as the legitimate government of Afghanistan. While in Afghanistan, the Taliban government tasked al-Qaeda with the training of, an elite part of the Taliban's army from 1997–2001. The Brigade was made up of mostly foreign fighters, many veterans from the Soviet Invasion, and all under the same basic ideology of the mujahideen.

In November 2001, as had toppled the Taliban government, many Brigade 055 fighters were captured or killed, and those that survived were thought to head into Pakistan along with bin Laden. By the end of 2008, some sources reported that the Taliban had severed any remaining ties with al-Qaeda, while others cast doubt on this. According to senior US military intelligence officials, there were fewer than 100 members of al-Qaeda remaining in Afghanistan in 2009. Call for global Salafi jihadism. This section needs expansion.

You can help. (September 2009) Around 1994, the Salafi groups waging in Bosnia entered into a seemingly irreversible decline. As they grew less and less aggressive, groups such as EIJ began to drift away from the Salafi cause in Europe. Al-Qaeda stepped in and assumed control of around 80% of the terrorist in Bosnia in late 1995. At the same time, al-Qaeda ideologues instructed the network's recruiters to look for Muslims who believed that extremist- jihad must be fought on a global level.

The concept of a 'global Salafi jihad' had been around since at least the early 1980s. Several groups had formed for the explicit purpose of driving non-Muslims out of every Muslim land at the same time and with maximum carnage. This was, however, a fundamentally defensive strategy. [ ] Al-Qaeda sought to open the 'offensive phase' of the global Salafi jihad. Bosnian Islamists in 2006 called for 'solidarity with Islamic causes around the world', supporting the insurgents in Kashmir and Iraq as well as the groups fighting for a Palestinian state. Fatwas In 1996, al-Qaeda announced its jihad to expel foreign troops and interests from what they considered Islamic lands.

Bin Laden issued a fatwa (binding religious edict), which amounted to a public declaration of war against the US and its allies, and began to refocus al-Qaeda's resources on large-scale, propagandist strikes. On February 23, 1998, bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri, a leader of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, along with three other Islamist leaders, co-signed and issued a fatwa calling on Muslims to kill Americans and their allies where they can, when they can. Under the banner of the, they declared: [T]he ruling to kill the Americans and their allies – civilians and military – is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque [in Jerusalem] and the holy mosque [in Mecca] from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim. This is in accordance with the words of Almighty Allah, 'and fight the pagans all together as they fight you all together,' and 'fight them until there is no more tumult or oppression, and there prevail justice and faith in Allah'. Neither bin Laden nor al-Zawahiri possessed the traditional Islamic scholarly qualifications to issue a fatwa. However, they rejected the authority of the contemporary (which they saw as the paid servants of rulers), and took it upon themselves.

Main article: Al-Qaeda is, and often attacked the Iraqi majority in an attempt to incite and greater chaos in the country. Al-Zarqawi purportedly declared an all-out war on Shiites while claiming responsibility for Shiite mosque bombings. The same month, a statement claiming to be by AQI rejected as 'fake' a letter allegedly written by al-Zawahiri, in which he appears to question the insurgents' tactic of indiscriminately attacking Shiites in Iraq. In a December 2007 video, al-Zawahiri defended the Islamic State in Iraq, but distanced himself from the attacks against civilians committed by 'hypocrites and traitors existing among the ranks'. US and Iraqi officials accused AQI of trying to slide Iraq into a full-scale civil war between Iraq's majority Shiites and minority Sunni Arabs, with an orchestrated campaign of civilian massacres and a number of provocative attacks against high-profile religious targets.

With attacks such as the 2003 bombing, the 2004 Day of Ashura and Karbala and Najaf bombings, the 2006 in, the deadly single-day in Baghdad's Shiite district of, and the in 2007, they provoked Shiite militias to unleash a wave of retaliatory attacks, resulting in -style killings and spiraling further sectarian violence which escalated in 2006 and brought Iraq to the brink of violent anarchy in 2007. In 2008, sectarian bombings blamed on al-Qaeda in Iraq killed at the in Karbala in March, and at a bus stop in Baghdad in June. In February 2014, after a prolonged dispute with al-Qaeda in Iraq's successor organisation, the (ISIS), al-Qaeda publicly announced it was cutting all ties with the group, reportedly for its brutality and 'notorious intractability'. Somalia and Yemen. Controlled by and In Somalia, al-Qaeda agents had been collaborating closely with its Somali wing, which was created from the al-Shabaab group. In February 2012, al-Shabaab officially joined al-Qaeda, declaring loyalty in a joint video. The Somalian al-Qaeda actively recruit children for suicide-bomber training, and export young people to participate in military actions against Americans at the AfPak border.

The percentage of terrorist attacks in the West originating from the Afghanistan-Pakistan () border declined considerably from almost 100% to 75% in 2007, and to 50% in 2010, as al-Qaeda shifted to Somalia and Yemen. While al-Qaeda leaders are hiding in the tribal areas along the AfPak border, the middle-tier of the movement display heightened activity in Somalia and Yemen. 'We know that South Asia is no longer their primary base,' a US defense agency source said. 'They are looking for a hide-out in other parts of the world, and continue to expand their organization.' In January 2009, al-Qaeda's division in Saudi Arabia merged with its Yemeni wing to form. Centered in Yemen, the group takes advantage of the country's poor economy, demography and domestic security.

In August 2009, they made the first assassination attempt against a member of the Saudi royal dynasty in decades. President Obama asked his Yemen counterpart to ensure closer cooperation with the US in the struggle against the growing activity of al-Qaeda in Yemen, and promised to send additional aid. Because of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the US was unable to pay sufficient attention to Somalia and Yemen, which could cause problems in the near future. In December 2011, US Secretary of Defense said that the US operations against al-Qaeda 'are now concentrating on key groups in Yemen, Somalia and North Africa.'

Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula claimed responsibility for the 2009 bombing attack on. The group released photos of Abdulmutallab smiling in a white shirt and white Islamic skullcap, with the al-Qaeda in Arabian Peninsula banner in the background. The AQAP declared the Al-Qaeda Emirate in Yemen in March 31, 2011, after capturing the most of the. As the escalated in July 2015, The Guardian wrote: 'As another 50 civilians die in the forgotten war, only Isis and al-Qaida are gaining from a conflict tearing Yemen apart and leaving 20 million people in need of aid.' In February 2016, al-Qaeda forces and -led coalition forces were both seen fighting Houthi rebels in the same battle. United States operations. In December 1998, the Director of the CIA reported to the president that al-Qaeda was preparing for attacks in the USA, including the training of personnel to hijack aircraft.

On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda, hijacking four airliners within the country and deliberately crashing two into the twin towers of the in, and the third into the western side of in. The fourth, however, failed to reach its intended target – either the or the, both located in – due to the rebellion by the passengers to retake the airliner, and instead crashed into the field in. In total, the attackers killed 2,977 victims and injured more than 6,000 others. Officials called an 'example of al-Qaeda reach into' the U.S. In 2008 after probes into his ties to the September 11 attacks hijackers.

A former FBI agent identifies Awlaki as a known 'senior recruiter for al-Qaeda', and a spiritual motivator. Awlaki's sermons in the U.S. Were attended by three of the 9/11 hijackers, as well as accused. Intelligence intercepted emails from Hasan to Awlaki between December 2008 and early 2009. On his website, Awlaki has praised Hasan's actions in the Fort Hood shooting.

An unnamed official claimed there was good reason to believe Awlaki 'has been involved in very serious terrorist activities since leaving the U.S. [in 2002], including plotting attacks against America and our allies.' President approved the of al-Awlaki by April 2010, making al-Awlaki the first US citizen ever placed on the CIA target list. That required the consent of the, and officials said it was appropriate for an individual who posed an imminent danger to national security. In May 2010,, who pleaded guilty to the, told interrogators he was 'inspired by' al-Awlaki, and sources said Shahzad had made contact with al-Awlaki over the internet. Representative called him 'terrorist number one', and called him 'the world's most dangerous man'. In July 2010, the added him to its list of, and the UN added him to its list of individuals associated with al-Qaeda.

In August 2010, al-Awlaki's father initiated a lawsuit against the U.S. Government with the, challenging its order to kill al-Awlaki.

In October 2010, U.S. Officials linked al-Awlaki to the. In September 2011, he was killed in a targeted killing drone attack in Yemen. It was reported on March 16, 2012, that plotted to kill United States President. Death of Osama bin Laden. View of Osama bin Laden's compound in, Pakistan, where he was killed on May 1, 2011. On May 1, 2011, in Washington, D.C.

(May 2, ), U.S. President Barack Obama announced that Osama bin Laden had been killed by 'a small team of Americans' acting under Obama's direct orders, in, Pakistan, about 50 km (31 mi) north of Islamabad. According to U.S. Officials a team of 20–25 under the command of the and working with the CIA stormed bin Laden's compound in two helicopters. Bin Laden and those with him were killed during a firefight in which U.S. Forces experienced no casualties.

According to one US official the attack was carried out without the knowledge or consent of the Pakistani authorities. In Pakistan some people were reported to be shocked at the unauthorized incursion by US armed forces.

The site is a few miles from the in. In his broadcast announcement President Obama said that U.S. Forces 'took care to avoid civilian casualties.' Details soon emerged that three men and a woman were killed along with bin Laden, the woman being killed when she was 'used as a shield by a male combatant'. From bin Laden's body, compared with DNA samples on record from his dead sister, confirmed bin Laden's identity. The body was recovered by the US military and was in its custody until, according to one US official, his body was according to Islamic traditions. Official stated that 'finding a country willing to accept the remains of the world's most wanted terrorist would have been difficult.'

U.S State Department issued a 'Worldwide caution' for Americans following bin Laden's death and U.S Diplomatic facilities everywhere were placed on high alert, a senior U.S official said. Crowds gathered outside the and in New York City's to celebrate bin Laden's death. The scene of an, for which al-Nusra Front claimed responsibility. In 2003, President revealed in an interview with a Kuwaiti newspaper that he doubted that al-Qaeda even existed. He was quoted as saying, 'Is there really an entity called al-Qaeda?

Was it in Afghanistan? Does it exist now?' He went on further to remark about bin Laden commenting, he 'cannot talk on the phone or use the Internet, but he can direct communications to the four corners of the world? This is illogical.'

Following the mass protests that took place later in 2011 demanding the resignation of al-Assad, al-Qaeda affiliated groups and Sunni sympathizers soon began to constitute the most effective fighting force in the Syrian opposition. Until then, al-Qaeda's presence in Syria was not worth mentioning, but its growth thereafter was rapid. Groups such as the and the (ISIS; sometimes ISIL) have recruited many foreign to train and fight in what has gradually become a highly sectarian war. Ideologically, the has served the interests of al-Qaeda as it pits a mainly Sunni opposition against a Shia backed government. Viewing as heretical, al-Qaeda and other fundamentalist Sunni militant groups have invested heavily in the civil conflict, actively backing and supporting the despite its clashes with moderate opposition groups such as the (FSA). On February 2, 2014, al-Qaeda distanced itself from ISIS and its actions in Syria, but ISIS and the al-Qaeda-linked are still able to occasionally cooperate with each other when they fight against the Syrian government.

The Saudi/Turkish-backed al-Nusra launched many attacks and, mostly against targets affiliated with or supportive of the Syrian government. In October 2015, targeted positions held by al-Nusra Front. In early 2016, a leading ISIL ideologue described al-Qaeda as the 'Jews of jihad'. Main article: In September 2014 al-Zawahiri announced al-Qaeda was establishing a front in India to 'wage jihad against its enemies, to liberate its land, to restore its sovereignty, and to revive its Caliphate.'

He nominated India as a beachhead for regional jihad taking in neighboring countries such as Myanmar and Bangladesh. The motivation for the video was questioned in some quarters where it was seen the militant group was struggling to remain relevant in light of the emerging prominence of ISIS. Reaction amongst Muslims in India to the formation of the new wing, to be known as 'Qaedat al-Jihad fi'shibhi al-qarrat al-Hindiya' or al-Qaida in the Indian Subcontinent [AQIS], was one of fury. Leaders of several Indian Muslim organizations rejected al-Zawahiri's pronouncement, saying they could see no good coming from it, and viewed it as a threat to Muslim youth in the country. US intelligence analyst accused the Pakistan military of 'stage-managing' the terror outfit's latest advance into India.

Bruce Riedel, a former CIA analyst and National Security Council official for South Asia, also said that Pakistan should be warned that it will be placed on the list of. Riedel also said that 'Zawahiri made the tape in his hideout in Pakistan, no doubt, and many Indians suspect the (Inter Services Intelligence) is helping to protect him,' he wrote. Al-Qaeda around the world. Al-Qaeda has carried out a total of six major terrorist attacks, four of them in its jihad against America. In each case the leadership planned the attack years in advance, arranging for the shipment of weapons and explosives and using its privatized businesses to provide operatives with safehouses and false identities. Al-Qaeda usually does not disburse funds for attacks, and very rarely makes wire transfers.

1992 On December 29, 1992, al-Qaeda's first terrorist attack took place as two bombs were detonated in, Yemen. The first target was the Movenpick Hotel and the second was the parking lot of the Goldmohur Hotel. The bombings were an attempt to eliminate American soldiers on their way to Somalia to take part in the international famine relief effort,. Internally, al-Qaeda considered the bombing a victory that frightened the Americans away, but in the US, the attack was barely noticed. No Americans were killed because the soldiers were staying in a different hotel altogether, and they went on to Somalia as scheduled. However, two people were killed in the bombing, an Australian tourist and a Yemeni hotel worker. Seven others, mostly Yemenis, were severely injured.

Two fatwas are said to have been appointed by the most theologically knowledgeable of al-Qaeda's members,, to justify the killings according to Islamic law. Salim referred to a famous fatwa appointed by, a 13th-century scholar much admired by Wahhabis, which sanctioned resistance by any means during the Mongol invasions. [ ] Late 1990s. Main articles:,, and In 1996, bin Laden personally engineered a plot to assassinate Clinton while the president was in for the. However, intelligence agents intercepted a message just minutes before the motorcade was to leave, and alerted the. Agents later discovered a bomb planted under a bridge. On August 7, 1998, al-Qaeda, killing 224 people, including 12 Americans.

In retaliation, a barrage of launched by the U.S. Military devastated an al-Qaeda base in, Afghanistan, but the network's capacity was unharmed. In late 1999/2000, Al-Qaeda planned, masterminded by and involving, which would include the bombing Christian holy sites in Jordan, the bombing of by, and the bombing of the.

On October 12, 2000, al-Qaeda militants in Yemen the in a suicide attack, killing 17 U.S. Servicemen and damaging the vessel while it lay offshore. Inspired by the success of such a brazen attack, al-Qaeda's command core began to prepare for an attack on the U.S.

September 11 attacks. Aftermath of the September 11 attacks The September 11 attacks were the most devastating terrorist acts in American history, killing 2,977 victims, including 2,507 civilians, 343 firefighters, 72 law enforcement officers, and 55 military personnel. Two commercial airliners were deliberately flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth, originally intended to target either the or the, crashed in a field in Stonycreek Township near. It was also the deadliest foreign attack on American soil since the on December 7, 1941.

The attacks were conducted by al-Qaeda, acting in accord with the issued against the U.S. And its allies by persons under the command of bin Laden, al-Zawahiri, and others. Evidence points to suicide squads led by al-Qaeda military commander as the culprits of the attacks, with bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri,, and as the key planners and part of the political and military command. Messages issued by bin Laden after September 11, 2001, praised the attacks, and explained their motivation while denying any involvement. Bin Laden legitimized the attacks by identifying grievances felt by both mainstream and Islamist Muslims, such as the general perception that the U.S. Was actively oppressing Muslims.

Bin Laden asserted that America was massacring Muslims in ',, and Iraq' and that Muslims should retain the 'right to attack in reprisal.' He also claimed the 9/11 attacks were not targeted at people, but 'America's icons of military and economic power,' despite the fact he planned to attack in the morning where most of the people in the intended targets were present and thus generating massive amount of human casualties. Evidence has since come to light that the original targets for the attack may have been nuclear power stations on the east coast of the U.S. The targets were later altered by al-Qaeda, as it was feared that such an attack 'might get out of hand'. Designation as a terrorist group Al-Qaeda is deemed a by the following countries and international organizations.

US troops in Afghanistan In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, the US government, and began to prepare its to overthrow the Taliban regime it believed was harboring al-Qaeda. Before the US attacked, it offered Taliban leader a chance to surrender bin Laden and his top associates.

The first forces to be inserted into Afghanistan were Paramilitary Officers from the CIA's elite (SAD). The offered to turn over bin Laden to a for trial if the US would provide evidence of bin Laden's complicity in the attacks. US President responded by saying: 'We know he's guilty. Turn him over', and British Prime Minister warned the Taliban regime: 'Surrender bin Laden, or surrender power'.

Soon thereafter the US and its allies invaded Afghanistan, and together with the removed the Taliban government in the. As a result of the US using its and providing for the, both and were destroyed, and much of the operating structure of al-Qaeda is believed to have been disrupted. After being driven from their key positions in the area of Afghanistan, many al-Qaeda fighters tried to regroup in the rugged region of the nation. After his arrest in, Pakistan, in March 2003. Again, under the cover of intense, US and local Afghan forces attacked, shattering the al-Qaeda position and killing or capturing many of the militants. By early 2002, al-Qaeda had been dealt a serious blow to its operational capacity, and the Afghan invasion appeared an initial success. Nevertheless, a significant remains in Afghanistan, and al-Qaeda's top two leaders, bin Laden and al-Zawahiri, evaded capture.

Debate raged about the exact nature of al-Qaeda's role in the 9/11 attacks, and after the US invasion began, the also released a showing bin Laden speaking with a small group of associates somewhere in Afghanistan shortly before the Taliban was removed from power. Although its authenticity has been questioned by a couple of people, the tape definitively implicates bin Laden and al-Qaeda in the September 11 attacks and was aired on many all over the world, with an accompanying English translation provided by the. In September 2004, the US government investigating the September 11 attacks officially concluded that the attacks were conceived and implemented by al-Qaeda operatives. In October 2004, bin Laden appeared to claim responsibility for the attacks in a released through Al Jazeera, saying he was inspired by Israeli attacks on high-rises in the 1982: 'As I looked at those demolished towers in Lebanon, it entered my mind that we should punish the oppressor in kind and that we should destroy towers in America in order that they taste some of what we tasted and so that they be deterred from killing our women and children.' By the end of 2004, the U.S. Government proclaimed that two-thirds of the most senior al-Qaeda figures from 2001 had been captured and interrogated by the CIA:, and in 2002; in 2003; and in 2004.

[ ] and several others were killed. The West was criticised for not being able to comprehend or deal with Al-Qaida despite more than a decade of the war.

This also meant no progress has been made in global state security. Activities Africa. Front page of on the eighth anniversary of the September 11 attacks.

The article claimed that al-Qaeda's activity is 'increasingly dispersed to 'affiliates' or 'franchises' in Yemen and North Africa.' Has included a number of bombing attacks in North Africa, as well as supporting parties in civil wars in Eritrea and Somalia. From 1991 to 1996, bin Laden and other al-Qaeda leaders were based in Sudan. Islamist rebels in the calling themselves have stepped up their violence in recent years. French officials say the rebels have no real links to the al-Qaeda leadership, but this is a matter of some dispute in the international press and amongst security analysts. It seems likely that bin Laden approved the group's name in late 2006, and the rebels 'took on the al Qaeda franchise label', almost a year before the violence began to escalate.

In Mali, the faction was also reported as an ally of al-Qaeda in 2013. The Ansar al Dine faction aligned themselves with the. Following the, the removal of and the ensuing period of allowed various militant groups affiliated with al-Qaeda to expand their operations in the region. The, which resulted in the death of and 3 other Americans, is suspected of having been carried out by various networks, such as, and several other Al-Qaeda affiliated groups. The capture of, a senior al-Qaeda operative wanted by the United States for his involvement in the, on October 5, 2013, by, and agents illustrates the importance the US and other Western allies have placed on North Africa. Main article: Prior to the, was present in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and its members were mostly former veterans of the detachment of the Bosnian Muslim. Three members of al-Qaeda carried out the in 1997.

They were closely linked to and financed by the founded by then-prince King. Before the 9/11 attacks and the US invasion of Afghanistan, recruits at al-Qaeda training camps who had Western backgrounds were especially sought after by al-Qaeda's military wing for conducting operations overseas. Language skills and knowledge of Western culture were generally found among recruits from Europe, such was the case with, an Egyptian national studying in Germany at the time of his training, and other members of the. And would later designate Atta as the ringleader of the. Following the attacks, Western intelligence agencies determined that al-Qaeda cells operating in Europe had aided the hijackers with financing and communications with the central leadership based in Afghanistan. In 2003, Islamists carried out a series of bombings in killing fifty-seven people and injuring seven hundred. Seventy-four people were charged by the Turkish authorities.

Some had previously met bin Laden, and though they specifically declined to pledge allegiance to al-Qaeda they asked for its blessing and help. In 2009, three Londoners, Tanvir Hussain, Assad Sarwar and Ahmed Abdullah Ali, were convicted of The massively complex police and investigation of the plot involved more than a year of surveillance work conducted by over two hundred officers. British and U.S. Officials said the plot – unlike many similar homegrown European Islamic militant plots – was directly linked to al-Qaeda and guided by senior al-Qaeda members in Pakistan. In 2012, Russian Intelligence indicated that al-Qaeda had given a call for 'forest jihad' and has been starting massive forest fires as part of a strategy of 'thousand cuts'. USS Cole after the October 2000 attack Following in 1990, Wahhabi networks began moving missionaries into the country in an effort to subvert the capitalist north. Although it is unlikely that bin Laden or Saudi al-Qaeda were directly involved, the personal connections they made would be established over the next decade and used in the.

Concerns grow over Al Qaeda's group in. In Iraq, al-Qaeda forces loosely associated with the leadership were embedded in the group commanded. Specializing in suicide operations, they have been a 'key driver' of the. Although they played a small part in the overall insurgency, between 30% and 42% of all suicide bombings which took place in the early years were claimed by Zarqawi's group. Reports have indicated that oversights such as the failure to control access to the Qa'qaa munitions factory in have allowed large quantities of munitions to fall into the hands of al-Qaida.

In November 2010, the militant group, which is linked to al-Qaeda in Iraq, threatened to 'exterminate all '. Significantly, it was not until the late 1990s that al-Qaeda began training. This is not to suggest that resistance fighters are underrepresented in the network as a number of Palestinians, mostly coming from Jordan, wanted to join and have risen to serve high-profile roles in Afghanistan.

Rather, large groups such as and – which cooperate with al-Qaeda in many respects – have had difficulties accepting a strategic alliance, fearing that al-Qaeda will co-opt their smaller cells. This may have changed recently, because the Israeli security and intelligence services believe that al-Qaeda has managed to infiltrate operatives from the Occupied Territories into Israel, and is waiting for the right time to mount an attack.

As of 2015, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Turkey are openly supporting the, an umbrella rebel group fighting in the against the Syrian government that reportedly includes an al-Qaeda linked and another coalition known as. Main article: Bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri consider India to be a part of the 'Crusader-Zionist-Hindu' conspiracy against the Islamic world. According to the 2005 report 'Al Qaeda: Profile and Threat Assessment' by, bin Laden was involved in training militants for Jihad in Kashmir while living in Sudan in the early nineties. By 2001, Kashmiri militant group had become a part of the al-Qaeda coalition.

According to the al-Qaeda was thought to have established bases in Pakistan-administered Kashmir (in, and to some extent in ) during the 1999 and continued to operate there with tacit approval of Pakistan's Intelligence services. Many of the militants active in Kashmir were trained in the same as and al-Qaeda. Of Kashmiri militant group was a signatory of al-Qaeda's 1998 declaration of against America and its allies. In a 'Letter to American People' written by bin Laden in 2002 he stated that one of the reasons he was fighting America is because of its support to India on the Kashmir issue.

In November 2001, airport went on high alert after threats that bin Laden planned to hijack a plane from there and crash it into a target in New Delhi. In 2002, US Secretary of Defense, on a trip to Delhi, suggested that al-Qaeda was active in Kashmir though he did not have any hard evidence. He proposed hi tech ground sensors along the line of control to prevent militants from infiltrating into Indian administered Kashmir. An investigation in 2002 unearthed evidence that al-Qaeda and its affiliates were prospering in Pakistan-administered Kashmir with tacit approval of Pakistan's National Intelligence agency In 2002, a special team of and was sent into to hunt for bin Laden after reports that he was being sheltered by Kashmiri militant group which had previously been responsible for. Britain's highest ranking al-Qaeda operative had previously fought in Kashmir with the group and spent time in Indian prison after being captured in Kashmir. US officials believe that al-Qaeda was helping organize a campaign of terror in Kashmir in order to provoke conflict between India and Pakistan.

Their strategy was to force Pakistan to move its troops to the border with India, thereby relieving pressure on al-Qaeda elements hiding in northwestern Pakistan. In 2006 al-Qaeda claimed they had established a wing in Kashmir; this has worried the Indian government. However the Indian Army Lt. Panag, GOC-in-C Northern Command, said to reporters that the army has ruled out the presence of al-Qaeda in Indian-administered; furthermore he said that there is nothing that can verify reports from the media of al-Qaeda presence in the state. He however stated that al-Qaeda had strong ties with Kashmiri militant groups and based in Pakistan. It has been noted that has now become the new battlefield for Kashmiri militants fighting in support of al-Qaeda and Taliban., who wrote the Army of Madinah in Kashmir and was an al-Qaeda operative convicted for involvement in the, had received training in weapons and explosives at a militant training camp in Kashmir., the founder of another Kashmiri group, is believed to have met bin Laden several times and received funding from him. In 2002, organized the kidnapping and murder of in an operation run in conjunction with al-Qaeda and funded by bin Laden.

According to American expert, al-Qaeda and Taliban were closely involved in the 1999 hijacking of to which led to the release of and from an Indian prison in exchange for the passengers. This hijacking, Riedel stated, was rightly described by then Indian Foreign minister as a 'dress rehearsal' for September 11 attacks. Bin Laden personally welcomed Azhar and threw a lavish party in his honor after his release, according to, bodyguard of bin Laden. Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, who had been in Indian prison for his role in, went on to murder and was sentenced to death by Pakistan.

Al-Qaeda operative, who was one of the accused in, was related to Maulana Masood Azhar by marriage., a Kashmiri militant group which is thought to be behind, is also known to have strong ties to senior al-Qaeda leaders living in Pakistan. In Late 2002, top al-Qaeda operative was arrested while being sheltered by in a safe house in. The FBI believes that al-Qaeda and Lashkar have been 'intertwined' for a long time while the CIA has said that al-Qaeda funds Lashkar-e-Taiba. French investigating magistrate, who was the top French counter-terrorism official, told Reuters in 2009 that 'Lashkar-e-Taiba is no longer a Pakistani movement with only a Kashmir political or military agenda. Lashkar-e-Taiba is a member of al-Qaeda.' In a video released in 2008, senior al-Qaeda operative American-born stated that 'victory in Kashmir has been delayed for years; it is the liberation of the jihad there from this interference which, Allah willing, will be the first step towards victory over the Hindu occupiers of that Islam land.'

In September 2009, a US reportedly killed who was the chief of, a Kashmiri militant group associated with al-Qaeda. Kashmiri was described by as a 'prominent' al-Qaeda member while others have described him as head of military operations for al-Qaeda. Kashmiri was also charged by the US in a plot against, the Danish newspaper which was at the center of. US officials also believe that Kashmiri was involved in the against the CIA. In January 2010, Indian authorities notified Britain of an al-Qaeda plot to hijack an Indian airlines or Air India plane and crash it into a British city.

This information was uncovered from interrogation of Amjad Khwaja, an operative of, who had been arrested in India. In January 2010, US Defense secretary, while on a visit to Pakistan, stated that al-Qaeda was seeking to destabilize the region and planning to provoke a nuclear war between India and Pakistan. Internet Timothy L. Thomas claims that in the wake of its evacuation from Afghanistan, al-Qaeda and its successors have migrated online to escape detection in an atmosphere of increased international vigilance. As a result, the group's use of the Internet has grown more sophisticated, encompassing financing, recruitment, networking, mobilization, publicity, as well as information dissemination, gathering and sharing. 's al-Qaeda movement in Iraq regularly releases short videos glorifying the activity of jihadist suicide bombers. In addition, both before and after the death of (the former leader of ), the umbrella organization to which al-Qaeda in Iraq belongs, the, has a regular.

The range of multimedia content includes guerrilla training clips, stills of victims about to be murdered, testimonials of suicide bombers, and videos that show participation in jihad through stylized portraits of mosques and musical scores. A website associated with al-Qaeda posted a video of captured American entrepreneur being decapitated in Iraq. Other decapitation videos and pictures, including those of,, and, were first posted on jihadist websites. In December 2004 an audio message claiming to be from bin Laden was posted directly to a website, rather than sending a copy to as he had done in the past.

Al-Qaeda turned to the Internet for release of its videos in order to be certain it would be available unedited, rather than risk the possibility of al Jazeera editors editing the videos and cutting out anything critical of the. Bin Laden's December 2004 message was much more vehement than usual in this speech, lasting over an hour. In the past,.com and Jehad.net were perhaps the most significant al-Qaeda websites.

Alneda was initially taken down by American Jon Messner, but the operators resisted by shifting the site to various servers and strategically shifting content. The US charged a British information technology specialist,, on terrorism charges related to his operating a network of English-language al-Qaeda websites, such as Azzam.com. He was convicted and sentenced to 12-and-a-half years in prison. Online communications In 2007, al-Qaeda released, encryption software used for online and cellular communications.

A later version,, was released in 2008. Aviation network Al-Qaeda is believed to be operating a clandestine aviation network including 'several aircraft', and, according to a 2010 story. Based on a U.S. Report, the story said that al-Qaeda is possibly using aircraft to transport drugs and weapons from South America to various unstable countries in West Africa. A Boeing 727 can carry up to 10 tons of cargo. The drugs eventually are smuggled to Europe for distribution and sale, and the weapons are used in conflicts in Africa and possibly elsewhere.

Gunmen with links to al-Qaeda have been increasingly some Europeans for ransom. The profits from the drug and weapon sales, and kidnappings can, in turn, fund more militant activities.

Involvement in military conflicts. This article possibly contains. Please by the claims made and adding. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2013) () The following is a list of military conflicts in which Al-Qaeda and its direct affiliates have taken part militarily. Start of conflict End of conflict Conflict Continent Location Branches involved 1991 present Africa Somalia 1992 1996 Asia Al-Qaeda Central 1992 present Asia Yemen 1996 2001 Asia Al-Qaeda Central 2001 present Asia Afghanistan Al-Qaeda Central 2002 present Africa Algeria Chad Mali Mauritania Morocco Niger Tunisia 2003 2011 Asia Iraq 2004 present Asia Pakistan Al-Qaeda Central 2009 present Asia Russia 2011 present Asia Syria Alleged CIA involvement. Main article: Experts debate whether or not the al-Qaeda attacks were an indirect result from the American CIA's ' program to help the Afghan., British Foreign Secretary from 1997 to 2001, has written that al-Qaeda and bin Laden were 'a product of a monumental miscalculation by western security agencies', and that 'Al-Qaida, literally 'the database', was originally the computer file of the thousands of mujahideen who were recruited and trained with help from the CIA to defeat the Russians.'

, from 2002 to 2008, wrote in a letter published in the on January 19, 2008: The strategy to support the Afghans against Soviet military intervention was evolved by several intelligence agencies, including the C.I.A. And Inter-Services Intelligence, or ISI. After the Soviet withdrawal, the Western powers walked away from the region, leaving behind 40,000 militants imported from several countries to wage the anti-Soviet jihad. Pakistan was left to face the blowback of extremism, drugs and guns. A variety of sources – journalist, Brigadier Mohammad Yousaf, and CIA operatives involved in the Afghan program, such as – deny that the CIA or other American officials had contact with the foreign mujahideen or bin Laden, let alone armed, trained, coached or indoctrinated them. Main article: Extremism within Islam goes back to the of the 7th century. From their essentially political position, they developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shiʿa Muslims.

The Kharijites were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to, whereby they declared other Muslims to be unbelievers and therefore deemed them worthy of death. According to a number of sources, a 'wave of revulsion' has been expressed against al-Qaeda and its affiliates by 'religious scholars, former fighters and militants' who are alarmed by al-Qaeda's and its killing of Muslims in Muslim countries, especially in Iraq., a former Afghan Arab and a militant member of the, went public with an open letter of criticism to Ayman al-Zawahiri in November 2007 after persuading the imprisoned senior leaders of his former group to enter into peace negotiations with the Libyan regime. While Ayman al-Zawahiri announced the affiliation of the group with al-Qaeda in November 2007, the Libyan government released 90 members of the group from prison several months later after 'they were said to have renounced violence.' In 2007, around the sixth anniversary of the September 11 attacks and a couple of months before Rationalizing Jihad first appeared in the newspapers, the Saudi sheikh delivered a personal rebuke to bin Laden. Al-Ouda, a religious scholar and one of the fathers of the Sahwa, the fundamentalist awakening movement that swept through Saudi Arabia in the 1980s, is a widely respected critic of jihadism. [ ] Al-Ouda addressed al-Qaeda's leader on television asking him My brother Osama, how much blood has been spilt? How many innocent people, children, elderly, and women have been killed.

In the name of al-Qaeda? Will you be happy to meet God Almighty carrying the burden of these hundreds of thousands or millions [of victims] on your back? According to Pew polls, support for al-Qaeda has been slightly dropped for parts of the Muslim world in the years before 2008. The numbers supporting suicide bombings in Indonesia, Lebanon, and Bangladesh, for instance, have dropped by half or more in the last five years. In Saudi Arabia, only 10 percent now have a favorable view of al-Qaeda, according to a December poll by Terror Free Tomorrow, a Washington-based.

In 2007, the imprisoned, an influential Afghan Arab, 'ideological godfather of al-Qaeda', and former supporter of takfir, sensationally withdrew his support from al-Qaeda with a book ( Rationalizing Jihad in Egypt and the World). Although once associated with al-Qaeda, in September 2009 completed a new 'code' for jihad, a 417-page religious document entitled 'Corrective Studies'. Given its credibility and the fact that several other prominent Jihadists in the Middle East have turned against al-Qaeda, the LIFG's about face may be an important step toward staunching al-Qaeda's recruitment. See also • •.